Therefore doppler ultrasound should only be performed in case of a valid medical indication, and the lowest possible ultrasonic exposure setting should be used. Ĭonsequently education of ultrasound operators stresses, that pulsed wave Doppler (PW-Doppler) examination produces high-energy acoustic outputs and should not be used in the early first trimester of pregnancy due to the risk of potential damage to the fragile embryo. As these effects are difficult to detect with epidemiologic studies, the AIUM stresses on the importance of further laboratory studies to clearly identify physical mechanisms of ultrasound in early pregnancy. Even though no congenital anomalies could be clearly associated with ultrasound use, bioeffects may be more subtle and/or have a low incidence. Also the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) states reservations regarding the use of ultrasound in early pregnancy. The official joint statement by the World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) and the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) on the use of Doppler pregnancy in early pregnancy states that the use of medical ultrasound in obstetrics is safe for B and M modes, but reservations are expressed for Doppler, especially spectral and colour Doppler. These thermal effects may alter the equilibrium between chemical reactions and therefore may consequently harm the surrounding tissue. However, when ultrasound travels through tissue, energy is absorbed by the tissue components and converted to heat dependent on frequency and intensity. Ultrasound is generally considered a safe imaging modality in obstetrics. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The authors acknowledge the financial support for open access publication provided by the Karl Landsteiner Society, Institute for General Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology. Material for conduction if this study was provided by the Center for Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering UltraSound-Lab, Medical University of Vienna and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and Supporting Information files.įunding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Received: ApAccepted: JPublished: August 24, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Helmy et al. Wilson, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UNITED STATES Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Azerbaijan Republic, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Gibraltar, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Qatar, Republic of the Congo, Reunion, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City State, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.S.Citation: Helmy S, Bader Y, Koch M, Tiringer D, Kollmann C (2015) Measurement of Thermal Effects of Doppler Ultrasound: An In Vitro Study.
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